Difference between revisions of "Assignment 1, Part 4: Measuring magnification and bead size"

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This is Part 4 of [[Assignment 1 Overview: Transillumination microscopy| Assignment 1]].
 
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''I took a good clear piece of Cork, and with a Pen-knife sharpen'd as keen as a Razor, I cut a piece of it off, and thereby left the surface of it exceeding smooth, then examining it very diligently with a Microscope, me thought I could perceive it to appear a little porous; but I could not so plainly distinguish them, as to be sure that they were pores, much less what Figure they were of: But judging from the lightness and yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture could not be so curious, but that possibly, if I could use some further diligence, I might find it to be discernable with a Microscope, I with the same sharp Penknife, cut off from the former smooth surface an exceeding thin piece of it, and placing it on a black object Plate, because it was it self a white body, and casting the light on it with a deep plano-convex Glass, I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular; yet it was not unlike a Honey-comb in these particulars.''
 
 
''I told several lines of these pores, and found that there were usually about threescore of these small Cells placed end-ways in the eighteenth part of an Inch in length, whence I concluded there must be neer eleven hundred of them, or somewhat more then a thousand in the length of an Inch, and therefore in a square Inch above a Million, or 1166400. and in a Cubick Inch, above twelve hundred Millions, or 1259712000. a thing almost incredible, did not our Microscope assure us of it by ocular demonstration.''
 
 
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''&mdash; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke Robert Hooke] from Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon (1665)<ref name="Micrographia">Hooke, R.  [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon] London:Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society; 1665</ref> ''
 
 
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<figure id="fig:Manta_camera_side_view">
 
<figure id="fig:Manta_camera_side_view">
[[Image:20.309_130813_BrightFieldExampleImages.png|right|thumb|Example images included by past students in their Week 1 report: (top) Air Force target, (center) Silica spheres and dust, (bottom) Ronchi Ruling]]
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[[Image:20.309_130813_BrightFieldExampleImages.png|right|thumb|Example images included by past students in their Week 1 report: (top) Air Force target, (center) Silica spheres and dust, (bottom) Ronchi Ruling]]</figure>
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Measuring the magnification of your microscope is a good way to verify that your instrument has been constructed correctly. (In general, you should measure the magnification of any microscope you will use to make quantitative measurements of size). Use the measured value in your calculations, not the number printed on the objective.
  
Measuring the magnification of your microscope is a good way to verify that your instrument is functioning well. You should measure the magnification of any microscope you plan to use for making quantitative measurements of size. Use the measured value in your calculations, not the number printed on the objective. Consider the uncertainty in your measurement.
+
# Install the 10x objective in your microscope and image the microruler calibration slide.
# Connect the 10x objective to your microscope and image the microruler calibration slide.
+
#* You will find the objectives in the west drawers of the lab. Be sure to pick up a RMS to SM1 adaptor from the neighboring bin to be able to thread the objective into the Thorlabs cage cube.
#* You will find the objectives in the west drawers of the lab. Be sure to pick up a RMS to SM1 adaptor from the neighboring bin to be able to thread the objective into the Thorlabs cage plate.
+
#* The microruler calibration slide has tick marks that are 10 &mu;m apart. Every 100 &mu;m, there is a longer tick mark.
#* The microruler calibration slide has tick marks that are 10 um apart. Every 100 um, there is a longer tick mark.
+
 
#* Make sure that the side of the microruler with the pattern on it faces the objective. Imaging through the thick glass causes distortion and many other troubles.
 
#* Make sure that the side of the microruler with the pattern on it faces the objective. Imaging through the thick glass causes distortion and many other troubles.
# Start the live preview using the UsefulImageAcquisition tool:  
+
# Start the live preview using the <tt>UsefulImageAcquisition</tt> tool:  
#* Familiarize yourself with the UsefulImageAcquisition tool and how to save and display images by reading through [[Recording, displaying and saving images in MATLAB|these instructions]].
+
#* Familiarize yourself with the <tt>UsefulImageAcquisition</tt> tool and how to save and display images by reading through [[Recording, displaying and saving images in MATLAB|these instructions]].
 
# Ensure that the camera's field of view is approximately centered in the objective's field of view.
 
# Ensure that the camera's field of view is approximately centered in the objective's field of view.
#* The objective has a larger FOV than the camera. Use the adjustment knobs on mirror M1 to traverse the objective's FOV horizontally and vertically. The FOV is approximately circular. Find a spot near the middle.
+
#* The objective has a larger field of view (FOV) than the camera. Adjust the 45 degree mirror to traverse the objective's FOV horizontally and vertically. The FOV is approximately circular. Find a spot near the middle.
 
# Record an image of the microruler.  
 
# Record an image of the microruler.  
 
#* Once your happy with the image on the live preview, click the <tt>Acquire</tt> button.  
 
#* Once your happy with the image on the live preview, click the <tt>Acquire</tt> button.  
 
#* Display the image and use <tt>imdistline</tt> or the data cursor to measure a known distance between rulings in your image and compute the magnification.   
 
#* Display the image and use <tt>imdistline</tt> or the data cursor to measure a known distance between rulings in your image and compute the magnification.   
 
#* When choosing a distance to measure, consider the factors that influence the uncertainty of your measurement.
 
#* When choosing a distance to measure, consider the factors that influence the uncertainty of your measurement.
# Save your images in a .mat file for later use in MATLAB or as a PNG image for use in your report or other programs (Did you read [[Recording, displaying and saving images in MATLAB| the instructions??]]).  
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# '''Save your images in a .mat file''' for later use in MATLAB or as a PNG image for use in your report or other programs (Did you read [[Recording, displaying and saving images in MATLAB| the instructions??]]).  
 
# Repeat the magnification measurement for the 40x and 100x objectives.
 
# Repeat the magnification measurement for the 40x and 100x objectives.
#* With the 100x objective, you may want to substitute the microruler with a Ronchi Ruling, a grating with 600 line pairs per millimeter. Why is it not wise to use the Ronchi Ruling with the 10x objective?
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# Using your magnification measurements and the known size of the CMOS camera, calculate the field of view (FOV) of the microscope for each objective.
# Using your magnification measurements and the known size of the CCD camera, calculate the field of view (FOV) of the microscope for each objective.
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{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=an example image of the ruler at each magnification, and a table of nominal magnification, object height, image height, actual magnification and FOV (see example below). Don't forget to include appropriate units. Report the length and width of the FOV (in distance units), not its area (in distance units squared).}}
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{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=<br />
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* Display an example image of the ruler at each magnification, and
 +
* Make a table displaying the manufacturer specified magnification (i.e. the printed number on the objective), the as-designed magnification (based on the 125 mm tube lens), the object height, the image height, the measured magnification and the FOV (see example below). Don't forget to include appropriate units. Report the length and width of the FOV of the camera (in distance units), not its area (in distance units squared).
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* Describe how you chose the distance to measure in your images.
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}}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
 
|-
 
|-
|Nominal Magnification
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| Manufacturer specified magnification
| Object height  
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| As-designed magnification
| Image height  
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| Object height (&mu;m)
| Actual magnification
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| Image height (&mu;m)
| FOV  
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| Measured magnification
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| Field of view (FOV, &mu;m x &mu;m)
 
|-
 
|-
| 10x || || || ||
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| 10x || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| 40x || || || ||
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| 40x || || || || ||
|-
+
|-  
| 100x || || || ||
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| 100x || || || || ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
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[[Image:20.309_130813_BF_3p2umbeads_40x.png|right|thumb|Example image of 3.2 μm beads using the instructor microscope. Submit picture to replace this!]]
 
[[Image:20.309_130813_BF_3p2umbeads_40x.png|right|thumb|Example image of 3.2 μm beads using the instructor microscope. Submit picture to replace this!]]
  
Now that you know the magnification of your instrument, use it to measure the size of some microscopic objects as imaged with the 40x objective lens only. Slides with 7.2 μm, 3.2 μm and 1 μm silica microspheres are available in the lab.
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Now that you know the magnification of your instrument, use it to measure the size of some microscopic objects as imaged with the 40x objective lens only. Slides with 7.2 μm and 3.2 μm silica microspheres are available in the lab.
  
# Image 7.2 μm, 3.2 μm and 1 μm silica microspheres as described in the magnification measurement procedure (40x objective only).  
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* Image 7.2 μm and 3.2 μm silica microspheres using the 40x objective only.  
# Measure and report the average size and uncertainty of the spheres in each sample. How many spheres should you measure?
+
* Measure the size of several beads of each type.  
 +
* Try to measure beads that are relatively sparse or not too clumped together.
  
{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=an example image of each bead size. Report the average size and uncertainty of the spheres in each sample. Note the number of samples that you measured and why. Wouldn't these values be nicely displayed in a table?}}
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How many spheres should you measure?
 +
* One typical way to estimate the uncertainty in a measurement is to make many measurements of the same thing, and then calculate the standard error. Standard error is equal to the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of data points. It is an estimate of how well you know the mean value of whatever you are measuring. Assuming nothing is changing with your measurement over time, increasing the number of data points will reduce your standard error. On the flip side, you cannot sit in lab forever and make an infinite number of measurements to reduce your uncertainty to zero. What do you think should determine how many measurements you take?
  
 +
Reporting uncertainty:
 +
* All measured values should be reported with an associated measure of variability, which is usually the range, standard deviation, or standard error of the dataset. Use the abbreviation "s.d." for standard deviation and "s.e.m." for standard error after the "±". For example: 1.21 ± 0.03 GW (±s.d., ''N''=42). Uncertainty is typically reported with one or two significant figures. Round uncertain quantities to the same decimal place as the uncertainty. The sample size must be included in all cases. Report uncertainty in the same units as the measurand. <ref>Relative (percent) uncertainty is undesirable in the presence of additive noise because a constant magnitude error source produces different error values as the measurand changes. Relative error is a more sensible choice when measuring an unvarying quantity such as a physical constant.</ref> Standard error is typically the best choice for datasets that contain 20 or more samples. It can be interpreted as an estimate of the size of an interval that would contain the result of repeating the experiment about &#8532; of the time. Range or standard deviation is a good choice for small values of ''N''.
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 +
{{Template:Assignment Turn In|message=<br />
 +
# Display an example image of each bead size.
 +
# Report the average size and uncertainty of the spheres in each sample, (be sure to include the number of samples measured).
 +
# Discuss how the measured bead sizes compared to the nominal size.
 +
# In one or two sentences, explain how you chose the number of samples to measure. }}
  
 
==Microscope storage==
 
==Microscope storage==
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* Keep all of the boxes for the optics you use with your instrument to simplify putting things away.  
 
* Keep all of the boxes for the optics you use with your instrument to simplify putting things away.  
 
* Take a blue bin to store loose items (such as lens boxes) in.
 
* Take a blue bin to store loose items (such as lens boxes) in.
* '''Stages, CCD cameras, neutral density filters and barrier filters stay at the lab station'''. Do not store these with your microscope.
+
* '''Stages, CCD cameras, neutral density filters and emission filters stay at the lab station'''. Do not store these with your microscope.
 
* Return objective lenses to the drawer when you are not using them. (Do not store them with your microscope.)
 
* Return objective lenses to the drawer when you are not using them. (Do not store them with your microscope.)
 
* The stages are very expensive. Always lift from the bottom.
 
* The stages are very expensive. Always lift from the bottom.
 
* If you break something (or discover something pre-broken for you), do not return it to the component stock. Give all broken items to an instructor. You will not be penalized for breaking something, but not reporting may be looked upon less kindly.
 
* If you break something (or discover something pre-broken for you), do not return it to the component stock. Give all broken items to an instructor. You will not be penalized for breaking something, but not reporting may be looked upon less kindly.
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
<references />
  
<references />
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Latest revision as of 04:16, 14 February 2020

20.309: Biological Instrumentation and Measurement

ImageBar 774.jpg



Measure the microscope's magnification

Example images included by past students in their Week 1 report: (top) Air Force target, (center) Silica spheres and dust, (bottom) Ronchi Ruling

Measuring the magnification of your microscope is a good way to verify that your instrument has been constructed correctly. (In general, you should measure the magnification of any microscope you will use to make quantitative measurements of size). Use the measured value in your calculations, not the number printed on the objective.

  1. Install the 10x objective in your microscope and image the microruler calibration slide.
    • You will find the objectives in the west drawers of the lab. Be sure to pick up a RMS to SM1 adaptor from the neighboring bin to be able to thread the objective into the Thorlabs cage cube.
    • The microruler calibration slide has tick marks that are 10 μm apart. Every 100 μm, there is a longer tick mark.
    • Make sure that the side of the microruler with the pattern on it faces the objective. Imaging through the thick glass causes distortion and many other troubles.
  2. Start the live preview using the UsefulImageAcquisition tool:
    • Familiarize yourself with the UsefulImageAcquisition tool and how to save and display images by reading through these instructions.
  3. Ensure that the camera's field of view is approximately centered in the objective's field of view.
    • The objective has a larger field of view (FOV) than the camera. Adjust the 45 degree mirror to traverse the objective's FOV horizontally and vertically. The FOV is approximately circular. Find a spot near the middle.
  4. Record an image of the microruler.
    • Once your happy with the image on the live preview, click the Acquire button.
    • Display the image and use imdistline or the data cursor to measure a known distance between rulings in your image and compute the magnification.
    • When choosing a distance to measure, consider the factors that influence the uncertainty of your measurement.
  5. Save your images in a .mat file for later use in MATLAB or as a PNG image for use in your report or other programs (Did you read the instructions??).
  6. Repeat the magnification measurement for the 40x and 100x objectives.
  7. Using your magnification measurements and the known size of the CMOS camera, calculate the field of view (FOV) of the microscope for each objective.


Pencil.png


  • Display an example image of the ruler at each magnification, and
  • Make a table displaying the manufacturer specified magnification (i.e. the printed number on the objective), the as-designed magnification (based on the 125 mm tube lens), the object height, the image height, the measured magnification and the FOV (see example below). Don't forget to include appropriate units. Report the length and width of the FOV of the camera (in distance units), not its area (in distance units squared).
  • Describe how you chose the distance to measure in your images.


Manufacturer specified magnification As-designed magnification Object height (μm) Image height (μm) Measured magnification Field of view (FOV, μm x μm)
10x
40x
100x

Measure particle size

Example image of 3.2 μm beads using the instructor microscope. Submit picture to replace this!

Now that you know the magnification of your instrument, use it to measure the size of some microscopic objects as imaged with the 40x objective lens only. Slides with 7.2 μm and 3.2 μm silica microspheres are available in the lab.

  • Image 7.2 μm and 3.2 μm silica microspheres using the 40x objective only.
  • Measure the size of several beads of each type.
  • Try to measure beads that are relatively sparse or not too clumped together.

How many spheres should you measure?

  • One typical way to estimate the uncertainty in a measurement is to make many measurements of the same thing, and then calculate the standard error. Standard error is equal to the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of data points. It is an estimate of how well you know the mean value of whatever you are measuring. Assuming nothing is changing with your measurement over time, increasing the number of data points will reduce your standard error. On the flip side, you cannot sit in lab forever and make an infinite number of measurements to reduce your uncertainty to zero. What do you think should determine how many measurements you take?

Reporting uncertainty:

  • All measured values should be reported with an associated measure of variability, which is usually the range, standard deviation, or standard error of the dataset. Use the abbreviation "s.d." for standard deviation and "s.e.m." for standard error after the "±". For example: 1.21 ± 0.03 GW (±s.d., N=42). Uncertainty is typically reported with one or two significant figures. Round uncertain quantities to the same decimal place as the uncertainty. The sample size must be included in all cases. Report uncertainty in the same units as the measurand. [1] Standard error is typically the best choice for datasets that contain 20 or more samples. It can be interpreted as an estimate of the size of an interval that would contain the result of repeating the experiment about ⅔ of the time. Range or standard deviation is a good choice for small values of N.


Pencil.png


  1. Display an example image of each bead size.
  2. Report the average size and uncertainty of the spheres in each sample, (be sure to include the number of samples measured).
  3. Discuss how the measured bead sizes compared to the nominal size.
  4. In one or two sentences, explain how you chose the number of samples to measure.


Microscope storage

During the microscopy lab, approximately seven thousand optical components will be taken from stock, assembled into microscopes, and properly returned to their assigned places. Please observe the following:

  • Store your microscope in one of the cubby holes in 16-336 (not in the lab). If you use one of the high shelves, get somebody to help you lift.
  • Keep all of the boxes for the optics you use with your instrument to simplify putting things away.
  • Take a blue bin to store loose items (such as lens boxes) in.
  • Stages, CCD cameras, neutral density filters and emission filters stay at the lab station. Do not store these with your microscope.
  • Return objective lenses to the drawer when you are not using them. (Do not store them with your microscope.)
  • The stages are very expensive. Always lift from the bottom.
  • If you break something (or discover something pre-broken for you), do not return it to the component stock. Give all broken items to an instructor. You will not be penalized for breaking something, but not reporting may be looked upon less kindly.

References

  1. Relative (percent) uncertainty is undesirable in the presence of additive noise because a constant magnitude error source produces different error values as the measurand changes. Relative error is a more sensible choice when measuring an unvarying quantity such as a physical constant.

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